Pakistan’s Afghanistan Policy: Strategic Depth, Refugee Politics, and Regional Fallout

Abstract

In this research work, Pakistan’s policy toward Afghanistan is discussed through the perspectives of strategic depth, how refugees are managed, and its impacts on the region. Pakistan’s approach to Afghanistan in the Cold War and beyond has depended largely on historical and geopolitical factors, which led to its direct support for various Afghan players, especially the Taliban. A large group of Afghan refugees living throughout Pakistan is straining public facilities and resources, as well as influencing security matters in the region. When the Taliban regained strength in 2021, Pakistan was forced to change its diplomatic and security approaches due to concerns about cross-border terrorism from the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). This study analyzes the various challenges in the relationship between the countries, involving borders, efforts to fight terrorism, and trade initiatives such as the Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Pakistan has to deal with security problems at home, maintain its authority in the region, and address external issues due to the Taliban in power. The article provides that Pakistan needs a policy that brings together security, diplomacy, and attention to humanitarian matters to ensure stability and development in Afghanistan and the region in particular. The thorough study helps clarify Pakistan’s role, which is important in South Asia.