Understanding Climate Change in Pakistan: Impacts and Policy Directions

Abstract

Climate change has emerged as one of the greatest challenges of the 21^st Century, disproportionately affecting under-developed and developing countries that have contributed the least to its causes. Pakistan, ranked among the most climate-vulnerable nations in the world, is already experiencing the devastating consequences of global warming, including recurring floods, prolonged heatwaves, erratic rainfall patterns and glacial melting. This paper examines the underlying reasons behind climate change with a particular focus on Pakistan, exploring both global and domestic factors. It further assesses the multidimensional impacts on Pakistan’s economy, agriculture, health and national security. Finally, the paper presents a policy-oriented way forward, suggesting sustainable adaptation and mitigation measures, institutional reforms and international cooperation as pathways to strengthen Pakistan’s resilience. By adopting an evidence-based approach, the study emphasizes that Pakistan’s survival and prosperity depend on transforming climate challenges into opportunities for sustainable growth and global environmental leadership.