The Evolution of Sexual Harassment Laws in Pakistan: Comparative Insights from International Criminal Law

Abstract

This article explores the evolution of sexual harassment laws in Pakistan, analyzing their development, implementation, and alignment with international legal frameworks, particularly through the lens of International Criminal Law (ICL). The research examines the historical context, beginning with the minimal legal recognition of sexual harassment and progressing to the enactment of key legislation such as the Prevention of Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act (2009) and its subsequent amendments. The study employs a comparative approach, drawing insights from international instruments like the Rome Statute and CEDAW, to highlight Pakistan’s legal challenges and advances in addressing gender-based violence. Key findings indicate that while significant progress has been made in legal reforms, enforcement remains inconsistent due to cultural barriers, institutional limitations, and low public awareness. The article concludes with recommendations for enhancing Pakistan’s legal framework, including broadening legal definitions, implementing gender-sensitive training, and increasing public education on sexual harassment laws. These steps are essential for aligning Pakistan’s domestic laws with international standards, ensuring better protection for victims, and enhancing accountability for perpetrators.